Enclosure containing hot gases cooled by transpiration, in particular the thrust chamber of a rocket engine

ABSTRACT

An enclosure containing hot gases cooled by transpiration includes means for applying a cooling fluid, said means comprising a hydraulic calibration sheath applied on the outside face of a porous wall that forms the inside portion of the enclosure, said sheath being made of a material that is proof to the cooling liquid and that is perforated by a multiplicity of microperforations having a distribution density that varies progressively over various different portions of said wall so as to provide greater perforation density wherever the heat flow to be cooled reaching the porous wall is high, and a cooling fluid feed volume formed between the sheath secured to the porous wall and an outer sealing envelope so as to apply a pre-determined flow rate per unit of area to said sheath in various different zones of the wall of the enclosure, spacers being interposed between the hydraulic calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to transpiration cooling of an enclosure containing hot gases such as a hot gas line, a boiler, or a rocket engine combustion chamber, or a gas generator, or a prechamber.

PRIOR ART

Various systems are already known for cooling porous walls by transpiration.

The flow, known as "transpiration", of a cold fluid from a first face of the porous wall situated adjacent to the cold source towards the second face of the porous wall situated adjacent to the hot source takes place with heat transfer occurring within the porous wall. The porous wall is the seat of two opposite-direction flows of heat: a conduction flow conveyed by the solid matrix; and an advection flow conveyed by the fluid. These two flows interact and exchange power by an exchange mechanism called "transvection" which, at the microscopic pore level, corresponds to peripheral convection of the fluid on contact with the solid matrix. This transfer of heat from the hotter wall to the cooler fluid modifies the two opposing conduction and advection flows. The power extracted from the incident conduction flow is taken up by the advection flow conveyed by the fluid and is returned towards its origin, i.e. the hot source. The conduction flow towards the cold zone is thus reduced by this extraction of power. The intensity of thermocoupling within the wall between the structural material thereof and the fluid, i.e. the internal heat exchange coefficient, depends on the internal shape of the porous medium, on the nature of the fluid, and on the flow rate.

Transpiration cooling has already been considered for a rocket engine thrust chamber having its wall exposed on one of its faces to the heat flow coming from the combustion while nevertheless needing to be kept at a temperature below the limit acceptable by the material from which it is made and compatible with mechanical strength requirements. When using such transpiration cooling, the cold source is constituted by one of the propellant components at ambient or cryogenic temperature, and the wall of the chamber is made of a porous material that is permeable to the cooling propellant component. The transpiration flow passes through the wall before being rejected into the combustion chamber. As it travels, the fluid takes heat power from the wall and as a result it keeps the wall within an acceptable temperature limit. A second cooling effect is also obtained by the fact that the fluid rejected into the chamber interposes itself between the wall and the combustion proper, thereby setting up an obstacle to the incident heat flow even before it reaches the wall.

Patent documents U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,832,290 and 3,910,039 thus describe a rocket engine combustion chamber including a porous wall with ribs added to its outside face to constitute approximately rectangular fluid-application compartments that are regularly distributed around the entire periphery of the chamber. An outer intermediate wall defines the outside face of the compartments opposite to the porous wall. A single calibrated orifice for feeding cooling fluid is formed in each compartment through the outer intermediate wall so as to match the transpiration flow rate to that required in each compartment. The devices described thus make It possible, to some extent, to match the transpiration cooling flow rate to the various zones of a chamber having an inner wall of constant porosity, however such matching can only be discontinuous from one compartment to another. Furthermore, the manufacture of known combustion chambers capable of enabling transpiration cooling to be implemented requires a large amount of machining, and thus a manufacturing cost that is high.

OBJECT AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention seeks to remedy the drawbacks of the above-mentioned transpiration cooling devices for a porous wall and to enable cooling fluid consumption to be optimized to take account of the thermophysical characteristics of the various elements that participate in the transpiration phenomenon (porous wall, incident heat flow, cooling fluid).

More particularly, the invention seeks to simplify the implementation of transpiration cooling systems for the porous wall of an enclosure containing hot gases and to make it easy to provide continuous matching of the cooling conditions through the porous wall over all of the sections of the enclosure, which enclosure may be constituted particularly, but not exclusively, by a rocket engine thrust chamber.

These objects are achieved by an enclosure containing hot gases cooled by transpiration, the enclosure comprising a porous wall forming the inside portion of the enclosure, and means for applying a cooling fluid over the outside face of the porous wall to cause cooling fluid to flow by transpiration through the porous wall;

wherein the means for applying a cooling fluid comprises:

a hydraulic calibration sheath applied on the outside face of the porous wall and constituted by a material that is proof to the cooling fluid; and

a cooling fluid feed volume formed between the hydraulic calibration sheath secured to the porous wall and an outer sealing envelope of the enclosure;

the hydraulic calibration sheath being perforated by a multiplicity of microperforations whose distribution density varies progressively over various zones of the wall of the enclosure with the distribution density being greater where the heat flow to be cooled and reaching the porous wall is greater, thereby enabling a predetermined flow rate per unit area to be applied through the hydraulic calibration sheath in the various zones of the enclosure wall;

spacers being interposed between the hydraulic calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope;

and wherein the porous wall is constituted by a sintered material made by compacting together metal beads that are slightly greater in size than the smallest dimension of the microperforations through the hydraulic calibration sheath.

According to the invention, the flow rate of the transpiration cooling fluid can be controlled locally in a manner that is continuous and progressive so as to minimize overall consumption. The flow rate of cooling fluid that is required locally depends on the incident heat flow, which flow varies considerably depending on the section of the enclosure under consideration.

According to the invention, this flow rate is controlled in all of the sections of the enclosure by implementing a sheath which provides hydraulic calibration with space modulation by being applied directly against the outside face of the porous wall, and its local perforation density can vary progressively so that the flow rate of cooling fluid through the porous wall can be defined in each section in a manner that matches the heat flow applied to the inside face of the porous wall.

In a first possible embodiment, the cooling fluid feed volume defined between the calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope comprises a single compartment of section that varies over the different zones of the enclosure wall.

In a second possible embodiment, partitions are also interposed between the hydraulic calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope to define compartments in the cooling fluid feed volume that are at different pressures and that correspond to different zones of the enclosure wall.

In which case, in a first variant, calibrated through orifices are formed in the partitions to provide predetermined variation in the cooling fluid flow rate from one compartment to another.

In a second variant, valves connected to pipework outside said external sealing envelope provide separate feeds to compartments corresponding to different zones of the wall of the enclosure so as to ensure that in each compartment the cooling fluid feed is at a given flow rate that is adjustable independently of the flow rate of the cooling fluid in the adjacent compartments.

The microperforations through the hydraulic calibration sheath are of smaller dimension, of the order of a few tens of micrometers, and of a such shape that the beads which are slightly larger in size cannot pass through them. The thickness of the sheath itself is of the order of a few tenths of a millimeter.

In a particular embodiment, the hydraulic calibration sheath has microperforations constituted by elongate slots.

Advantageously, the spacers are made from a section element and they are disposed perpendicularly to the hydraulic calibration sheath, or else they are implemented merely in the form of scalloped collars.

Preferably, the cooling fluid is a cryogenic fluid that is not part of the propellant, being taken from a special tank and driven by a special pump.

The invention is applicable to various types of enclosure such as ducts for transporting hot gases, boilers, combustion chambers, gas generator chambers, prechambers, or rocket engine thrust chambers.

It may be observed that in an application to a rocket engine where the cooling fluid is constituted by one of the propellant components, the invention makes it possible to achieve complete decoupling between the cooling system and the main propellant injection system.

In particular, compared with cooling systems having conservative propellant component flow between double walls, this makes it possible:

to separately control the flow rates sent through the cooling system and through the injection system, thereby making it possible to optimize these two functions, in particular by varying the cooling flow rate as a function of different stages of flight, and for example by providing a cooling flow rate which is greater on ignition and which diminishes progressively thereafter so as to reduce the thermal shock inflicted on the wall thereby increasing its lifetime; and

for a given burn pressure, to reduce the maximum propellant pressure required at the outlet from the pumping system because the hydraulic resistances of the cooling system and of the injection system are in parallel and not in series, thereby contributing to mass savings and to reducing complexity in the pump that feeds propellant.

The cooling device of the invention makes it possible, in particular, to use only one cooling system within a rocket engine, both for the convergent portion constituted by the combustion chamber and the throat of the nozzle and for the divergent portion of the nozzle, while nevertheless flexibly adapting cooling conditions throughout the thrust chamber, and in general reducing manufacturing and operating costs for equal performance compared with other known systems.

The presence of spacers between the hydraulic calibrating sheath and the outer sealing envelope contributes to maintaining the spacing between these two elements while also improving the stiffness of the assembly and making it possible to transfer mechanical forces in the divergent portion of the nozzle, thus avoiding any risk of the bottom end of the divergent portion buckling. The presence of partitions reinforces this effect while making it possible to improve the conditions under which transpiration flow rate is matched to the various zones of the propulsion chamber.

The invention also provides a method of manufacturing an enclosure that contains hot gases cooled by transpiration and that has the general structure as defined above, in particular with a hydraulic calibration sheath.

In a first possible implementation, the hydraulic calibration sheath is initially made of microperforated sheet metal to form a shaped rigid shell, spacers and optionally partitions are then applied thereto by being welded to the outside face of the hydraulic calibration sheath, an outer sealing envelope is put into place and welded on the outside of the spacers and the partitions, and the porous wall is made by applying a deposit onto the inside face of the hydraulic calibration sheath.

In which case, in an implementation that is cheap and advantageous, in order to make the hydraulic calibration sheath, rings are initially made from a sheet of metal by cutting out shapes from the sheet and by welding them together, the rings are assembled together by welding so as to define a sheath whose shape corresponds to that of the chamber to be made, and a laser is used to cut the sheath to form the microperforations with varying local perforation densities.

The spacers and partitions are made from plane sheet metal, are cut out into annular sectors, and are then welded into place on the hydraulic calibration sheath, optionally after being initially folded.

The outer sealing envelope is made by cutting shapes out from a plane metal sheet so as to form rings which are welded to the spacers and partitions secured to the hydraulic calibration sheath, with the outer sealing envelope being welded blind onto the spacers and the partitions.

In another variant implementation, applicable when the hydraulic calibration sheath is manufactured before the porous wall, the hydraulic calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope are made by superplastic deformation or by hydroforming, to take up the shape of two half-shells that are made separately and subsequently welded together.

In a preferred implementation in which the porous wall is manufactured after the hydraulic calibration sheath, the porous wall is made by powder metallurgy techniques using the hydraulic calibration sheath as an outer matrix, which sheath is secured to the outer sealing envelope by the spacers and partitions, and by using a two-part mandrel as the inner matrix, and the molding volume in which the porous wall is to be formed is filled with a granular mixture constituted by spherical micro-beads of metal accompanied by grains of brazing material of an interstitial size, and the assembly is then heated so as to cause the brazing material to melt and form bridges between the microbeads.

In another possible implementation, the porous wall is made initially, after which the hydraulic calibration sheath is applied to the outside face of the porous wall by hot resilient deformation, spacers are added together with optional partitions to the outside of the hydraulic calibration sheath, after which the outer sealing envelope is put into place on the outside and is fixed to the spacers.

In yet another possible implementation, the porous wall is made initially, the hydraulic calibration sheath is then made by sticking flexible elements having microperforations onto the outside face of the porous wall, spacers are put into place together with optional partitions on the outside of the hydraulic calibration sheath by inserting said spacers and partitions through the sheath into the porous wall, after which the outer sealing envelope is put into place on the outside of and is fixed to the spacers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention appear from the following description of particular embodiments, given with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an axial half-section through a particular embodiment of a transpiration cooling device of the invention applied to a rocket engine combustion chamber;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the FIG. 1 embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a progressively stripped-down section view on line III--III of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic axial section view through a second embodiment of the invention showing the implementation of separation partitions in the feed volume for the cooling propellant component;

FIG. 5 is a detailed view of FIG. 4 on a larger scale and showing one example of a separation partition and spacers;

FIGS. 6 to 11 show different stages in a particular method of implementing an enclosure of the portion of FIG. 5;

FIG. 12 is a progressively stripped-down view of a second embodiment of the invention in section on line XII--XII of FIG. 4; FIGS. 13 and 14 are an elevation view and a section view of a portion of the partition-spacer assembly disposed between the outer sealing wall and the inner calibration wall;

FIGS. 15 and 16 are projections of FIG. 13 respectively onto the outer envelope and onto the hydraulic calibration sheath, showing the welded bonds of the spacers and a partition with said elements;

FIG. 17 is an axial half-section view of a rocket engine combustion chamber fitted with a cooling device of the invention, with partitions for separating the propellant component feed volume and with individual fluid feed means for each of the compartments of said feed volume;

FIG. 18 is an axial half-section showing one example of an installation for manufacturing a porous wall for a rocket engine combustion chamber fitted with a transpiration cooling device of the invention;

FIG. 19 is a detail view of a micro-bead feed device suitable for use with the device of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is an axial half-section view through the FIG. 18 device during a subsequent stage of manufacture;

FIG. 21 shows one example of bonding between micro-beads within a porous wall to which the invention is applicable;

FIGS. 22 and 23 show implementations of elongate microperforations formed through a hydraulic calibration sheath of a cooling device of the invention; and

FIGS. 24 and 25 are sections in two perpendicular planes showing how the micro-beads in a porous wall co-operate with the microperforations in a hydraulic calibration sheath pressed against the porous wall in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

Reference is made initially to FIGS. 1 to 3 which, by way of example, show an enclosure containing hot gases, and constituted by a thrust chamber of a rocket engine.

The internal portion of the combustion chamber which comes into contact with the hot gas flow comprises a porous wall 10 which serves both as a conventional nozzle confining the flow of combustion gases within the inside volume defined by said convergent-divergent shaped circularly symmetrical wall, and also enables heat exchange to be performed between the heat flow coming from the combustion gases and the cooling fluid applied to the outside face of the porous wall 10 for the purpose of "transpiring" through said wall.

The porous wall 10 is of permeable structure, is about 1 millimeter (nun) to 2 mm thick, and has a grain size that may lie in the range about 10 microns (μm) to 100 μm, for example.

The porous wall 10 may be made of sintered copper for example or of some other metal implemented by power metallurgy using micro-beads.

In accordance with the invention, a hydraulic calibration sheath 20 having a shape that is identical to that of the porous wall 10 defining the combustion chamber, and having a thickness of a few tenths of a millimeter is applied to the outside surface of the porous wall 10.

The hydraulic calibration sheath 20 which is made of a material that is proof to the cooling fluid may be constituted, for example, by a metal foil and it is perforated by a multiplicity of microperforations 21 that are distributed over the entire area of said sheath 20. The sheath 20 is applied to the outside surface of the porous wall 10 in such a manner as to ensure that transpiration is possible through the holes, only.

The dimensioning and the material chosen for said sheath are such that the sintering stress created by the differential expansion between the sheath and the wall when operating at high temperature is quite acceptable. The cooling fluid is then preferably a cryogenic fluid, and may either be one of the propellant components, or else another fluid contained in a special tank and driven by a special pump.

The purpose of the sheath 20 is to adjust the transpiration flow rate locally so as to obtain overall optimization of cooling fluid consumption.

The microperforations 21 are of unequal size and/or density and they are distributed in such a manner that in any given zone of the wall 10 the transpiration area through the porous wall 10 as offered by the holes 21 in the sheath 20 increases with increasing heat flow reaching the wall in said zone. For example, and as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the microperforations 21 may be denser around the throat of the nozzle.

The microperforations 21 are shown on an exaggerated scale in the figures to make them easier to see, and they may be very small in fact, e.g. a few tens of microns, and they are of a shape such that the slightly larger beads cannot pass through them.

As can be seen in FIG. 1, an annular chamber for feeding a cooling propellant component is defined between the hydraulic calibration sheath 20 and an outer sealing envelope 40 which contributes to confining the cooling fluid, which fluid may be a propellant component such as liquid hydrogen, for example, and the outer envelope 40 contributes to overall mechanical strength. The transverse size of the annular chamber may be of the order of a few millimeters, for example.

The overall shape of the outer sealing envelope 40 is similar to that of the nozzle, having a convergent portion and a divergent portion. The thickness of the outer envelope 40 may be of the order of 1 or several millimeters and it co-operates with spacers 30 that are situated inside the annular feed chamber and that connect together the hydraulic calibration sheath 20 and the outer sealing envelope 40. The spacers 30 may be made, for example, in the form of scalloped collars (FIG. 3) and they absorb the pressure of the transpiration fluid, thereby serving, in particular, to avoid any risk of the bottom end of the diverging portion buckling. If the spacers are close enough together, the porous inner wall and the outer wall may be relatively thin. The thickness of said walls may also vary from zone to zone. It is also possible to implement the spacers in the form of section members, e.g. H section members, and to dispose them radially, i.e. perpendicularly to the sheath 20.

FIG. 1 shows an annular chamber for feeding a cooling propellant component and that has a volume whose flow section varies so as to maintain a substantially constant speed for the propellant component, thereby obtaining fluid feed with substantially constant dynamic pressure along the entire length of the sheath 20, so that it is only the varying density of microperforations 21 that serves to provide local control of flow rate per unit area in the various zones of the wall 10 against which the sheath is pressed, thus making it possible to vary local flow rate per unit area quite progressively.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3, the cooling propellant component is injected into the top of the annular feed chamber such that the cross-section of said annular feed chamber is greatest at the top end of the combustion chamber and falls off progressively towards the bottom end of the diverging portion.

With reference now to FIGS. 4 to 12, a second embodiment can be seen in which fluid-tight partitions 50 are disposed in planes that are substantially perpendicular to the porous wall 10 and to the axis of the nozzle, which partitions are disposed between pairs of spacers 31 and 32 at different levels along the thrust chamber between the hydraulic calibration sheath 20 and the outer sealing envelope 40.

Like the spacers 31 and 32, the partitions 50 contribute to stiffening the overall structure, but they serve above all to define a plurality of annular compartments 33 within the annular fluid feed chamber, which compartments are at different pressures and are staged along the thrust chamber so as to enable better matching to be achieved relative to the pressures created inside the thrust chamber by the hot gases acting on the corresponding zones of the porous wall 10. The local flow rate per unit area of cooling fluid applied to the porous wall 10 through the sheath 20 naturally continues to be controlled within each feed compartment by the density of microperforations, which density may itself vary within each compartment 33.

The embodiment having partitions 50 defining a plurality of cooling fluid feed compartments 33 outside the hydraulic calibration sheath thus provides greater flexibility in controlling the transpiration cooling process.

Each of the compartments 33 separated by the partitions 50 may have fluid fed thereto internally by the various compartments communicating with one another via calibrated expansion orifices. However, such an embodiment does not allow for separate adjustment of the feed rates to each of the various compartments 33.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 17, each of the compartments 33 may be fed with fluid externally to the sealing envelope 40 via feed lines 70 each of which can feed fluid into a corresponding compartment 33 in appropriately matched manner via flow rate distribution devices such as individual valves 60.

The ducts feeding cooling propellant component, the flow rate distributing devices, and the annular feed chamber may take up various different configurations for the purpose of optimizing the flow rate passing through the hydraulic calibration sheath 20 in the various different zones of the propulsion chamber, with the sheath 20 itself providing fine control of the flow rate per unit area for the transpiration fluid passing through the porous wall 10 in all of the zones of the propulsion chamber.

By way of example, the cooling system of the invention may consume 5% to 10% of the total propellant component flow rate, when the fuel is hydrogen and the temperature of the wall is 700 K.

Under such conditions, the flow of heat through the wall may lie in the range 10 megawatts per square meter (MW/m²) at the outlet from the diverging portion and 60 MW/m² at the throat, with the head loss through the wall being of the order of a few millibars and with the flow rate per unit area being of the order of 1 kg/m² per second.

Various methods of manufacturing an enclosure such as a rocket engine thrust chamber implementing the transpiration cooling system of the invention are now described by way of example.

In a first method of manufacture, the porous wall 10 which may be made of sintered materials, for example, previously implemented using conventional techniques so as to constitute a core on which the hydraulic calibration sheath 20 is disposed.

In a first implementation, the sheath is applied the wall 10 by elastic deformation when hot. It may be observed that in operation the porous wall 10 is always hotter than the sheath 20 which is cooled by the transpiration liquid. It is thus easy to obtain the desired banding or hooping stress when hot.

In another variant embodiment, the sheath 20 is made up of flexible elements stuck onto the porous wall 10. In which case the sheath 20 may be made up of cut-out elements, or it may be made from a tape that is wound on the wall, providing the shape of the propulsion chamber makes that possible.

The spacers 30, 31, and 32, the partitions 50, and the outer sealing envelope 40, together with devices for ducting and distributing the flow in the feed volume then be put into place on the base assembly constituted by the porous wall 10 fitted with its sheath 20 in the same manner as in the embodiments described below where said elements are mounted on the sheath only. One example of an assembly sequence in accordance with the invention is shown in FIGS. 6 to 11 which show the successive operations on a length of chamber such as that shown in FIG. 5.

In a second type of manufacturing method, the hydraulic calibration sheath 20 is made in an initial step and constitutes a rigid shell having the porous wall 10 subsequently formed on the inside face thereof.

Under such circumstances, the sheath 20 may be formed by hydroforming or by superplastic deformation. However, such methods can give rise to internal stresses that subsequently need to be eliminated.

Thus, in a preferred implementation, the sheath 20 is made from a plane metal foil which is used for manufacturing frustoconical rings by the techniques of cutting out and welding, which rings are subsequently welded together so as to make up the final converging and diverging shape. Such a method constitutes a solution that is cheap and that has the advantage of not giving rise to internal stresses.

The microperforations 21 may be formed through the sheath 20 by laser cutting, for example. Perforation density for a given drilling pattern is established experimentally. The microperforations 21 may advantageously be elongate in shape, e.g. in the form of rectangular slots (FIGS. 22 to 25) so as to prevent them being closed by spherical micro-beads 11 when the porous wall 10 is made of sintered material. Under such circumstances, the size of the spherical micro-beads 11 must be slightly greater than the small dimension of the slots 21.

The microperforations 21 may be disposed in patterns that are ordered to a greater or lesser extent (FIGS. 22 and 23). The density of perforations 21, their orientation to some extent, and their size may be adapted to match the flow rate per unit area to that required in the various different zones of the propulsion chambers. These parameters depend on the heat flow to which the porous wall is subjected in the zone under consideration and on the pressure difference between the propellant component feed compartment 33 and the combustion chamber.

A laser drilling method is capable under all circumstances of providing a wide range of configurations.

The spacers 31 and 32, and the partitions 50 are made from plane sheet metal cut out into angular sectors, and prefolded for the spacers 31 and 32, which spacers are advantageously in the form of scalloped collars that are subsequently welded into place on the hydraulic calibration sheath 20.

FIGS. 6 to 11 show a spacer 32 being put into place, followed by a partition 50, and then a second spacer 31, prior to implementing the outer envelope 40, and in this case the sheath 20 is already formed on the inner wall 10, however the process is the same if the sheath 20 is initially formed on its own in the form of a rigid shell. FIGS. 13 to 16 also show the zones where the spacers 31 and 32 and a partition 50 are welded to the perorated sheath 20 and then to the outer envelope 40.

The outer sealing envelope 40 may be made using methods identical to those used for the sheath 20.

When superplastic deformation or hydroforming are used, two half-shells are made separately and they are then welded together.

The cheapest solution which is also suitable for robot manufacture is constituted by a method of assembling together frustoconical rings obtained by cutting out shapes from a plane foil.

It may be observed that the spacers 31 and 32 and the partitions 50 are welded blind to the envelope 40 after the envelope 40 has been put into place, with the positions of the spacers being detected ultrasonically, for example.

Once the assembly constituted by the sheath 20, the envelope 40, the spacers 31, 32, and the partitions 50 have been assembled, the porous wall 10 is formed by applying a deposit on the inside of the sheath 20, which may be done by plasmaforming or by a powder metallurgy technique, for example.

By way of example and with reference to FIGS. 18 to 21, there follows a description of the manufacture of the transpiration porous wall 10 in a disposition that makes use of a mold volume previously made firstly from an outer matrix constituted by a previously manufactured and fitted-out hydraulic calibration sheath 20 and a two-part inner mandrel 101, 102 disposed facing the convergent portion and the divergent portion respectively.

The assembly is positioned by means of a tool 110 having annular grooving 103 for positioning the outer matrix and a central hub 104 for positioning the two portions 101 and 102 of the mandrel (FIG. 18).

The mold volume is filled from a hopper 105 with a granular mixture constituted by spherical micro-beads 11 of a metallic material accompanied by interstitial-sized grains of brazing material 12 (FIG. 21).

In order to achieve maximum filling of the mold volume, the entire device may be vibrated by means of the tool 110, or else it may be rotated, with helical grooving 106 constituting an Archimedes' screw system optionally being formed on the mandrel 101, 102 so as to enhance micro-bead advance and enhance contact between micro-beads and the brazing material 12 (FIG. 19).

The assembly is then heated so as to melt the brazing material that forms bridges of material 12 between the micro-beads 11.

Heating may be performed by inserting the assembly in a furnace or by means of heating resistances 107, 108 placed inside the mandrel 101, 102 (FIG. 20), which constitutes a method that is quicker and cheaper from the energy point of view.

During a final step, one or more flanges are installed for attachment to cooling fluid feed lines. 

I claim:
 1. An enclosure containing hot gases cooled by transpiration, the enclosure comprising:a porous wall of substantially uniform porosity and thickness forming the inside portion of the enclosure, and means for applying a cooling fluid over an outside face of the transpiration through the porous wall, the means for applying a cooling fluid comprisinga hydraulic calibration sheath applied on the outside face of the porous wall and constituted by a material that is impermeable to the cooling fluid, an outer sealing envelope of the enclosure disposed proximate the hydraulic calibration sheath, and a cooling fluid feed volume formed between the hydraulic calibration sheath secured to the porous wall and the outer sealing envelope of the enclosure, the hydraulic calibration sheath perforated by a multiplicity of microperforations whose distribution density varies progressively over various zones of the porous wall of the enclosure with the distribution density being greater where a flow to be cooled and reaching the porous wall is greater, thereby enabling a predetermined cooling fluid flow rate per unit area to be applied through the hydraulic calibration sheath in the various zones of the enclosure wall, spacers interposed between the hydraulic calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope, and the porous wall constituted by a sintered material made by compacting together metal beads that are slightly greater in size than a smallest dimension of the microperforations through the hydraulic calibration sheath.
 2. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein partitions are also interposed between the hydraulic calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope to define compartments in the cooling fluid feed volume that are at different pressures and that correspond to different zones of the enclosure porous wall.
 3. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the cooling fluid feed volume defined between the calibration sheath and the outer sealing envelope comprises a single compartment of section that varies over the various zones of the enclosure wall.
 4. The enclosure according to claim 2, wherein calibrated through orifices are formed in the partitions to provide predetermined variation in the cooling fluid flow rate from one compartment to another.
 5. The enclosure according to claim 2, wherein valves connected to pipework outside said outer sealing envelope provide separate feeds to compartments corresponding to respective ones of the various zones of the porous wall of the enclosure so as to ensure that in each compartment the cooling fluid flow rate is adjustable independently of the cooling fluid flow rate in the adjacent compartments.
 6. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic calibration sheath has microperforations constituted by elongate slots.
 7. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the microperforations through the hydraulic calibration sheath are of smaller dimension, of the order of a few tens of micrometers, and of a shape such that the metal beads which are slightly larger in size cannot pass therethrough.
 8. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic calibration sheath has a thickness of the order of a few tenths of a millimeter.
 9. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the spacers are made in the form of rings having scalloped shape.
 10. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the spacers are disposed perpendicular to the hydraulic calibration sheath.
 11. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the cooling fluid comes from a tank and is driven by a pump.
 12. The enclosure according to claim 11, wherein the cooling fluid is a cryogenic fluid.
 13. The enclosure according to claim 1, wherein the enclosure is constituted by a rocket engine thrust chamber. 